Worms 3d error wrong disc inserted11/19/2023 ![]() These worms can form a highly compact and dense worm “blob” ( Fig. 1B) structure that exhibits properties comparable to a highly viscous non-Newtonian fluid when outside of granular substrate or detritus (Deblais et al. ![]() 2021), and the freshwater-based oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus (California blackworms) ( Fig. 1A). While many of these collectives consist of discretely separated individuals such as a bird in a flock, there are groups that form a physically entangled structure such as Caenorhabditis elegans ( Artyukhin et al. In nature, these collectives consist of organisms of diverse sizes, from single-cell organisms like bacteria, to insects and birds, to enormous animals such as whales, to reproduce, migrate, or survive ( Parrish and Edelstein-Keshet 1999 Vicsek and Zafeiris 2012 Smith et al. Living or active matter collectives are composed of many entities that utilize energy for activity ( Das et al. From an engineering perspective, this could be used to model and simulate swarm robots, self-assembly structures, or soft material entanglements. Our results demonstrate how both collective behavior and the emergent generation of internal mechanical stress in worm blobs change to accommodate differing levels of oxygen. We demonstrate that internal mechanical stress is generated when worm blobs are exposed to high DO levels, allowing them to be physically lifted off from the bottom of a conical container using a serrated endpiece. Furthermore, we observe emergent properties that arise when a worm blob is exposed to extreme DO levels. Additionally, when flow rate is increased to suspend the worm blobs upward, we find that the average exposed surface area of a blob in low DO is ∼1.4x higher than in high DO. Using a closed-loop respirometer with flow, we discover that the relative tail reaching activity flux in low DO is ∼75x higher than in the high-DO condition. However, the change in collective behavior at different levels of DO is not known. Individual blackworms adapt to hypoxic environments through respiration via their mucous body wall and posterior ciliated hindgut, which they wave above them. The freshwater oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus (California blackworms) form tightly entangled structures, or worm “blobs”, that have adapted to survive in extremely low levels of dissolved oxygen (DO). Many organisms utilize group aggregation as a method for survival.
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